Socioeconomic and immigration status and COVID-19 testing in Toronto, Ontario: retrospective cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Preliminary evidence suggests that individuals living in lower income neighbourhoods are at higher risk of COVID-19 infection. The relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and COVID-19 risk warrants further study. METHODS: We explored the association between COVID-19 test positivity and patients' socio-demographic variables, using neighborhood sociodemographic data collected retrospectively from two COVID-19 Assessment Centres in Toronto, ON. RESULTS: Eighty-three thousand four hundred forty three COVID-19 tests completed between April 5-September 30, 2020, were analyzed. Individuals living in neighbourhoods with the lowest income or highest concentration of immigrants were 3.4 (95% CI: 2.7 to 4.9) and 2.5 (95% CI: 1.8 to 3.7) times more likely to test positive for COVID-19 than those in highest income or lowest immigrant neighbourhoods, respectively. Testing was higher among individuals from higher income neighbourhoods, at lowest COVID-19 risk, compared with those from low-income neighbourhoods. CONCLUSIONS: Targeted efforts are needed to improve testing availability in high-risk regions. These same strategies may also ensure equitable COVID-19 vaccine delivery.

Association between new-onset anosmia and positive SARS-CoV-2 tests among people accessing outpatient testing in Toronto, Ontario: a retrospective cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Reports have suggested that anosmia is strongly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, but patients were often asked about this symptom after their diagnosis. This study assessed associations between prospectively reported anosmia and other symptoms related to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and SARS-CoV-2 positivity in community testing centres in Toronto, Ontario. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study in which data were collected from 2 COVID-19 assessment centres affiliated with 2 hospitals in Toronto, Ontario, from Apr. 5 to Sept. 30, 2020. We included symptomatic profiles of all people who underwent a SARS-CoV-2 test at either clinic within the study period. We used generalized estimating equations to account for repeat visits and to assess associations between anosmia and other symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 positivity. RESULTS: A total of 83 443 SARS-CoV-2 tests were conducted across the 2 sites for 72 692 participants during the study period. Of all tests, 1640 (2.0%) were positive; 837 (51.0%) of people who tested positive were asymptomatic. The adjusted odds ratio for the association between anosmia and test positivity was 5.29 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.50-6.22), with sensitivity of 0.138 (95% CI 0.121-0.154), specificity of 0.980 (95% CI 0.979-0.981), a positive predictive value of 0.120 (95% CI 0.106-0.135) and a negative predictive value of 0.983 (95% CI 0.982-0.984). INTERPRETATION: Anosmia had high specificity and a positive predictive value of 12% for SARS-CoV-2 infection in this community population with low prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 positivity. The presence of anosmia should increase clinical suspicion of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and our findings suggest that people presenting with this symptom should be tested.